Wednesday, April 2, 2014

47 - Staging of Wilms' Tumor

*Usually any tumor is staged before surgery, but Wilms' tumor is staged after surgery.

*Based on the stage of the tumor after surgery, the decision whether to give adjuvant chemotherapy or not is usually taken. (This is the typical practice in North America).

*In europe, oncologists first take a biopsy before surgery and confirm the tumor. Then before attempting surgery they try to shrink the tumor (the tumors are usually very large at presentation) by giving chemotherapy to the patient.

*In both the cases the tumor is staged only after surgery.

*It has to be noted that because the European oncologists use chemotherapy and markedly shrink the tumor before surgery, the postoperative staging is more of Stage I and Stage II variety in this case. The prognosis is excellent in both approaches and the overall relapse free survival is also almost the same with both approaches.

*So simply put the Pathologist decides the stage rather than the radiologist or the surgeon.

*STAGING OF WILMS' TUMOR :

- StageI : The tumor is confined to the kidney with capsular or vascular invasion.

- Stage II : The tumor has extended beyond the renal capsule, infiltration of vessels. The cases where biopsy has been performed before surgery are grade II, as well as those cases where the tumor has ruptured intraoperatively.

- Stage III : Positive Lymph nodes in the abdomen or pelvis, peritoneal invasion, or residual tumor at surgical margins.

- Stage IV : Metastatic disease outside the abdomen or pelvis.

- Stage V : Bilateral tumors at original diagnosis.

* Below is a beautiful video (Contrast Enhanced CT Scan) of Wilms' tumor in the right kidney of a 13 month old patient.
- Note the large size and poor heterogenous enhancement of the tumor in a Pediatric patient that is typical of Wilms' tumor.

Saturday, March 6, 2010

46 - Neonatology Mcqs - part 3

21q: The number of fontanelles present in newborn are
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 6


22q: At birth the normal heart rate is
a. 60-80/min
b. 80-110/min
c. 70-120/min
d. 110-150/min


23q: For neonate, lower limit of poor perfusion, in terms of systolic BP is
a. Less than 60 mm Hg
b. Less than 70 mm Hg
c. Less than 80 mm Hg
d. Less than 90 mm Hg


24q: In neonate, chest compression:ventilation relationship is
a. 3:1
b. 5:1
c. 2:1
d. 4:1


25q: Characteristics of caput succedaneum include all of the following except
a. Crosses midline
b. Crosses suture line
c. It does not disappear within 2-3 days
d. It is a diffuse oedematous swelling of soft tissues of scalp


26q: Umbilical cord usually falls after
a. 5-10 days
b. 15-20 days
c. 1-5 days
d. None of the above


27q: 99% of neonates void within
a. 24 hours
b. 48 hours
c. 8 hours
d. 12 hours


28q: Transition stools in neonate
a. Stool passed in first 2-3 days
b. Stool passed on 4th-5th day
c. Stool passed after 7 days of birth
d. Stool passed in first 24 hours


29q: Radiologically gas is demonstrated in colon after how many hours of birth
a. Half hour
b. One hour
c. Two hours
d. Three hours


30q: Low birth weight baby is defined as
a. BW less than anticipated from period of gestation
b. Gestation of less than 37 weeks
c. BW less than average of country
d. BW less than 2.5 kg

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